1819-1821
Capt. Thaddeus Bellingshausen
Tsar Alexander I, and Russian Navy
Vostok and Mirnyy
Sea
Exploration (one of several Russian polar expeditions)
Russia
1907-1909
Lt. Ernest Shackleton, RNR
Sir William Beardmore, the Misses Dawson-Lambton, the Australian and New Zealand governments, and others
Nimrod
To reach the Magnetic and Geographic South Poles, and to carry on scienti?c research
Great Britain
Land
1910-1912
Roald Amundsen
Don Pedro Christophersen and other private donors
Fram
To reach the South Pole
Norway
1910-1913
Capt. Robert F. Scott, RN
Private contributions with the support of the Royal Society, and contributions from Commonwealth governments
Terra Nova
Scientific work in the Ross Sea area and traverse to the South Pole
1914-1916
Sir Ernest Shackleton
Sir James Caird, other private donors, British government, and Royal Geographical Society
Endurance
Transcontinental exploration
1933-1936
Lincoln Ellsworth
Northrup monoplane (Polar Star)
Air
Transantarctic ?ight and aerial reconnaissance
United States